This study examines the mechanisms of perception and cognitive processes involved in the formation of language competence from a psycholinguistic perspective. Language competence is understood as a dynamic system that develops through the interaction of sensory input and mental processing. The research focuses on how auditory and visual perception contribute to the recognition of linguistic forms, while cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and conceptualization support the interpretation and retention of language. A qualitative-descriptive methodology based on theoretical analysis and comparison of scientific literature was employed. The findings indicate that effective language acquisition depends on the integration of perceptual mechanisms with higher-order cognitive processes. The study also highlights the importance of working memory and attention in processing linguistic information and forming stable language skills. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of language learning and provide a basis for improving educational strategies in language teaching.