Ornaments Crafted from Precious Stones in Central Sogd: Evidence from The Kafirqala Archaeological Site

Abstract

This article examines the art of working precious and semi-precious stones in Central Sogd during the early medieval period, with particular emphasis on archaeological discoveries from the Kafirqala site near Samarkand. The study analyzes artifacts made from minerals and gemstones such as almandine, malachite, nephrite, agate, and rock crystal, concluding that these materials were used not only for personal adornment but also for protective, symbolic, and medicinal purposes. The article further highlights the high level of craftsmanship achieved by Central Sogdian artisans in stone working, demonstrating how their creations reflected the region’s commercial activities, cultural interactions, and religious beliefs.