The Mughal Empire constituted one of the most significant political and cultural formations of early modern South Asia, and the accounts of European travelers provide an important, though inherently mediated, body of evidence for examining its cultural landscape. This study critically analyzes the representation of Mughal culture in the writings of foreign travelers, with particular attention to political practices, religious institutions, intellectual exchange, courtly culture, and European perceptions of Indian society. The research adopts a qualitative historical-analytical methodology based exclusively on the selected works of Roe, Rubiés, Sharma, Smith, Tavernier, Truschke, Vanina, and Wink. Rather than treating travel narratives as transparent descriptions of Mughal society, the study evaluates them as interpretive documents shaped by linguistic limitations, cultural assumptions, political interests, and the travelers’ positions within the societies they observed. The findings indicate that foreign travelers simultaneously preserved valuable observations about Mughal institutions and reproduced interpretive distortions arising from European conceptual frameworks. Their writings reveal the cultural plurality of the Mughal court, the importance of Persianate political culture, interactions between Sanskritic and Islamic intellectual traditions, and the contested interpretation of religious practices. The study concludes that travel accounts are most productive when read comparatively and critically rather than as independent factual records.