RETHINKING HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: CHALLENGES AND ALTERNATIVES TO THE TREE MODEL

Abstract

The traditional tree model has long been a cornerstone in the study of historical linguistics, representing languages' evolution through branching structures that indicate divergence from common ancestors. However, this model faces significant criticisms, particularly its limitations in accounting for language contact, borrowing, and convergence phenomena. This paper critically examines these challenges, highlighting the inadequacies of the tree model in capturing the complexities of linguistic evolution. We explore alternative models, such as the wave theory, network models, and phylogenetic frameworks, which offer more nuanced approaches to understanding language change. By integrating these alternatives, we propose a more comprehensive methodology for studying historical linguistics, addressing both genetic relationships and the dynamic interactions between languages.