An Empirical Investigation into The Influence of AI Adoption and Usability Factors on Teaching Effectiveness: Examining Teachers’ Experience with Artificial Intelligence and The Moderating Role of Student Interest
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence in Education, Teaching Effectiveness, AI AdoptionAbstract
The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education has significantly transformed pedagogical practices, teaching effectiveness, and classroom engagement dynamics. This study empirically investigates the influence of AI adoption, perceived ease of use, and teachers’ experience with AI on teaching effectiveness, while examining student interest as a moderating variable. Drawing upon technology acceptance theories and AI-in-education frameworks, the study synthesizes prior literature to construct a conceptual model that explains how usability and experiential factors shape instructional outcomes in AI-supported learning environments. The research highlights that AI adoption is not merely a technological decision but a pedagogical transformation influenced by teachers’ cognitive readiness, trust in AI systems, and institutional support mechanisms. Prior studies emphasize that teachers’ acceptance of AI tools is strongly shaped by pedagogical beliefs and perceived trust (Choi, Jang, & Kim, 2023), which further impacts teaching effectiveness in digital classrooms. Additionally, student interest plays a critical role in strengthening or weakening the relationship between AI-enabled teaching practices and learning outcomes. Using a structured analytical approach grounded in prior empirical findings, the study identifies key determinants of successful AI integration in education, including usability perception, experiential familiarity, and engagement-driven learning environments. The findings contribute to the growing body of literature on AI in education by providing a multidimensional understanding of how human and technological factors interact to enhance teaching effectiveness in contemporary educational ecosystems.
Downloads
References
Al Rajab, M., Odeh, S., Hazboun, S., & Alheeh, E. (2023). AI-powered smart book: enhancing arabic education in Palestine with augmented reality [Paper presentation]. International Symposium on Ambient Intelligence, Guimaraes, Portugal.
Allal-Chérif, O., Aránega, A. Y., & Sánchez, R. C. (2021). Intelligent recruitment: How to identify, select, and retain talents from around the world using artificial intelligence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 169, 120-822.
Bhutoria, A. (2022). Personalized education and artificial intelligence in the United States, China, and India: A systematic review using a human-in-the-loop model. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100-168.
Bowden, J. L.-H., Tickle, L., & Naumann, K. (2021). The four pillars of tertiary student engagement and success: a holistic measurement approach. Studies in Higher Education, 46(6), 1207-1224.
Calisto, F. M., Santiago, C., Nunes, N., & Nascimento, J. C. (2021). Introduction of human-centric AI assistant to aid radiologists for multimodal breast image classification. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 150, 102-607.
Choi, S., Jang, Y., & Kim, H. (2023). Influence of pedagogical beliefs and perceived trust on teachers’ acceptance of educational artificial intelligence tools. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 39(4), 910-922.
Chu, S. K. W., Reynolds, R. B., Tavares, N. J., Notari, M., & Lee, C. W. Y. (2021). 21st century skills development through inquiry-based learning from theory to practice. Springer.
Delgado, J. M. D., Oyedele, L., Demian, P., & Beach, T. (2020). A research agenda for augmented and virtual reality in architecture, engineering and construction. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 45, 101-122.
Demmans Epp, C., Daniel, B. K., & Muldner, K. (2023). Learning analytics for supporting individualization: data-informed adaptation of learning. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1240377.
Dimitriadou, E., & Lanitis, A. (2023). A critical evaluation, challenges, and future perspectives of using artificial intelligence and emerging technologies in smart classrooms. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1), 12-21.
Ebadi, S., & Amini, A. (2022). Examining the roles of social presence and human-likeness on Iranian EFL learners’ motivation using artificial intelligence technology: A case of CSIEC chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(2), 655-673.
Essel, H. B., Vlachopoulos, D., Tachie-Menson, A., Johnson, E. E., & Baah, P. K. (2022). The impact of a virtual teaching assistant (chatbot) on students' learning in Ghanaian higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 45-57.
Fernandez, D., Dastane, O., Omar Zaki, H., & Aman, A. (2024). Robotic process automation: bibliometric reflection and future opportunities. European Journal of Innovation Management, 27(2), 692-712.
Frick, T. W., Chadha, R., Watson, C., Wang, Y., & Green, P. (2009). College student perceptions of teaching and learning quality. Educational Technology Research and Development, 57, 705-720.
Grewal, D., Guha, A., Schweiger, E., Ludwig, S., & Wetzels, M. (2022). How communications by AI-enabled voice assistants impact the customer journey. Journal of Service Management, 33(4/5), 705-720.
Guan, C., Mou, J., & Jiang, Z. (2020). Artificial intelligence innovation in education: A twenty-year data-driven historical analysis. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 4(4), 134-147.
Hair Jr, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101-110.
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., & Singh, R. P. (2022). An era of ChatGPT as a significant futuristic support tool: A study on features, abilities, and challenges. BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks, Standards and Evaluations, 2(4), 100-189.
Hernandez-de-Menendez, M., Escobar Díaz, C., & Morales-Menendez, R. (2020). Technologies for the future of learning: state of the art. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing, 14(2), 683-695.
Huang, A. Y., Lu, O. H., & Yang, S. J. (2023). Effects of artificial Intelligence–Enabled personalized recommendations on learners’ learning engagement, motivation, and outcomes in a flipped classroom. Computers & Education, 194, 104-684.
Jiao, P., Ouyang, F., Zhang, Q., & Alavi, A. H. (2022). Artificial intelligence-enabled prediction model of student academic performance in online engineering education. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55(8), 6321-6344.
Kabudi, T., Pappas, I., & Olsen, D. H. (2021). AI-enabled adaptive learning systems: A systematic mapping of the literature. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100-117.
Kaswan, K. S., Dhatterwal, J. S., & Ojha, R. P. (2024). AI in personalized learning. In A. Garg, B. V. Babu, & V. E. Balas (Eds.), Advances in Technological Innovations in Higher Education (pp. 103-117). CRC Press.
Khosravi, H., Shum, S. B., Chen, G., Conati, C., Tsai, Y.-S., Kay, J., Knight, S., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Sadiq, S. & Gašević, D. (2022). Explainable artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100-124.
Kim, J., Lee, H., & Cho, Y. H. (2022). Learning design to support student-AI collaboration: Perspectives of leading teachers for AI in education. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6069-6104.
Kohnke, L., Moorhouse, B. L., & Zou, D. (2023). Exploring generative artificial intelligence preparedness among university language instructors: A case study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, 100-156.
Kuhail, M. A., Alturki, N., Alramlawi, S., & Alhejori, K. (2023). Interacting with educational chatbots: A systematic review. Education and Information Technologies, 28(1), 973-1018.
Larrabee Sønderlund, A., Hughes, E., & Smith, J. (2019). The efficacy of learning analytics interventions in higher education: A systematic review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2594-2618.
Lazar, I. M., Panisoara, G., & Panisoara, I. O. (2020). Digital technology adoption scale in the blended learning context in higher education: Development, validation and testing of a specific tool. Plos One, 15(7), 1-27.
Luan, H., Geczy, P., Lai, H., Gobert, J., Yang, S. J., Ogata, H., Baltes, J., Guerra, R., Li, P. & Tsai, C.-C. (2020). Challenges and future directions of big data and artificial intelligence in education. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 580820.
Mazer, J. P. (2012). Development and validation of the student interest and engagement scales. Communication Methods and Measures, 6(2), 99-125.
Nguyen, A., Ngo, H. N., Hong, Y., Dang, B., & Nguyen, B.-P. T. (2023). Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education. Education and Information Technologies, 28(4), 4221-4241.
Oduro, S. (2020). Exploring the barriers to SMEs’ open innovation adoption in Ghana: A mixed research approach. International Journal of Innovation Science, 12(1), 21-51.
Rahiman, H. U., & Kodikal, R. (2024). Revolutionizing education: Artificial intelligence empowered learning in higher education. Cogent Education, 11(1), 229-3431.
Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2021). Autonomy-supportive teaching: Its malleability, benefits, and potential to improve educational practice. Educational Psychologist, 56(1), 54-77.
Rerhaye, L., Altun, D., Krauss, C., & Müller, C. (2021). Evaluation methods for an AI-supported learning management system: quantifying and qualifying added values for teaching and learning. In R. A. Sottilare, & J. Schwarz (Eds.), Adaptive Instructional Systems. Design and Evaluation: Third International Conference Proceedings (pp. 394-411). Springer.
Srinivasa, K., Kurni, M., & Saritha, K. (2022). Harnessing the power of AI to education. In K. Srinivasa, M. Kurni, & K. Saritha (Eds.), Learning, teaching, and assessment methods for contemporary learners: pedagogy for the digital generation (pp. 311-342). Springer.
Walkington, C., & Bernacki, M. L. (2019). Personalizing algebra to students’ individual interests in an intelligent tutoring system: Moderators of impact. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 29, 58-88.
Xu, W., & Ouyang, F. (2022). A systematic review of AI role in the educational system based on a proposed conceptual framework. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 4195-4223.
Yu, S., & Lu, Y. (2021). An introduction to artificial intelligence in education. Springer.
Yu, Z., Gao, M., & Wang, L. (2021). The effect of educational games on learning outcomes, student motivation, engagement and satisfaction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(3), 522-546.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Reza Moradi, Dr. Shirin Khosravi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are disseminated under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC-BY), which licenses unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is appropriately cited. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations.
